<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC '-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN'  'http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd'><article><articleinfo><title>PrinciplesMultipleComparisons</title><revhistory><revision><revnumber>3</revnumber><date>2013-03-07 21:23:02</date><authorinitials>localhost</authorinitials><revremark>converted to 1.6 markup</revremark></revision><revision><revnumber>2</revnumber><date>2007-02-24 13:09:31</date><authorinitials>host86-136-197-103.range86-136.btcentralplus.com</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>1</revnumber><date>2007-02-24 12:33:21</date><authorinitials>host86-136-197-103.range86-136.btcentralplus.com</authorinitials></revision></revhistory></articleinfo><section><title>Principles of multiple comparison correction</title><para>There are various ways of dealing with the problem of the very large number of voxels in your statistical image.  </para><para>For rigorous statistical thresholding, you will one of these options: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Random Field Theory - see <ulink url="https://lsr-wiki-01.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/PrinciplesMultipleComparisons/imaging/PrinciplesRandomFields#">PrinciplesRandomFields</ulink>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>False discovery rate - see <ulink url="https://lsr-wiki-01.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/PrinciplesMultipleComparisons/imaging/PrinciplesFalseDiscoveryRate#">PrinciplesFalseDiscoveryRate</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para>Permutation testing - see <ulink url="https://lsr-wiki-01.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/PrinciplesMultipleComparisons/imaging/PrinciplesPermutationTesting#">PrinciplesPermutationTesting</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para>Bayesian correction - see the articles listed under <ulink url="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/doc/biblio/Keyword/BAYESIAN.html"/> </para></listitem></itemizedlist><para>Sometimes you may want to use a more liberal threshold that does not allow strong control of false positives - for example to report 'suggestive' rather than 'significant' results.   </para><para>A perfectly reasonable option is to use a reduced threshold, still correcting for multiple comparisons.   </para><para>Another is to report your <ulink url="https://lsr-wiki-01.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/PrinciplesMultipleComparisons/imaging/UnthresholdedEffectMaps#">UnthresholdedEffectMaps</ulink>.  </para><para>Another method that has been widely used is to use an <ulink url="https://lsr-wiki-01.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/PrinciplesMultipleComparisons/imaging/UncorrectedThreshold#">UncorrectedThreshold</ulink>.  In my (<ulink url="https://lsr-wiki-01.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/PrinciplesMultipleComparisons/imaging/MatthewBrett#">MatthewBrett</ulink>) view, this method can be extremely misleading to your readers, and should be avoided. </para></section></article>